Fig. 2

Profiles of Salicaceae centromeres. a Salicaceae CENH3 genes. The phylogenetic tree (left) was constructed by CENH3 genes in assembled genomes as well as the published genome of P. trichocarpa and S. purpurea, and branches are color-coded according to CENH3 type. The schematic illustration of Salicaceae CENH3 genes (right) are shown as boxes representing exons. The two copies of CENH3 gene are identified in willows, while the CENH3-2 loses exons at the N’ terminus and became dysfunctional in poplars. b Line graph of cumulative centromere length in different genomes. c Characteristics and epigenetics for representative centromere of P. alba var. pyramidalis haplotype I, P. euphratica haplotype I, and S. chaenomeloides haplotype I. Plots from top to bottom separately represent TRAs on forward (red) and reverse (blue) strands and CENH3 CUT&Tag distribution per 10-kb, transposable element distribution per 10-kb, DNA methylation level per 10-kb, histone modification level per 10-kb, gene distribution, CRM element distribution and sequence similarity on centromeres and adjacent regions. Regions marked between grey dashlines represent centromeres. d The chromosomal-scale histone modification feature of P. alba var. pyramidalis haplotype I, and the lower figure represents the closed-up plot of centromeres. e Same as d but showing the WGBS methylation feature. f Dot plot of syntenic pericentromeres from all genome assemblies using a 500-bp search window. Red and blue points indicate forward- and reverse-strand similarly, respectively