Fig. 1

A Two kindred individuals from late antiquity contemporary to the Islamic arrival found in Gandía (GOG34 & GOG35). B Islamic burial (GOG25) from Vall d’Uixó. C Remains of individual GOG59 from Valencia, consisting solely of the lower extremities and an iron shackle on the right leg. D Map with the location of all samples screened (red crosses) in this Mediterranean region. Inset map details antiquity (Roman and post-Roman), Islamic and Christian (late and post-medieval) sites where the newly sequenced individuals in this study were found. E Ages for each individual studied above a timeline of relevant historical events. Black bars indicate calibrated radiocarbon dates, internal ticks indicate median calibrated age, and the range indicates 95% confidence intervals. Gray bars indicate relative dates based on stratigraphy, material culture, or excavation context. F Approximate extent of the borders of the territories of Al-Andalus (in green) from the eighth to the fourteenth centuries CE