Fig. 3

Spatiotemporal co-expression networks for ten grain cell types during development. A Model for wheat grain gene expression. B Spatiotemporal co-expression networks for ten grain cell types during grain development. The columns represent different patterns of co-expression modules and the rows represent development times. C KEGG enrichment for co-expression genes. The enriched KEGG categories were determined using the one-sided version of Fisher’s exact test, followed by the Benjamin-Hochberg correction to obtain adjusted p values for multiple testing. D Dynamic expression of spatio-marker during grain development. Relative expression = Number of cells with gene expression/Total number of cells. E The taltl1-d1 mutant and the taltp1-a1 mutant exhibited a significant reduction in grain size. Scale bar = 1 cm. F Grain surface of mature seeds from WT, taltl1-d1 mutant, and taltp1-a1 mutant. Scale bar = 1 mm. G The top row displays panoramic views of TB staining in mature seeds from WT, taltl1-d1 mutant, and taltp1-a1 mutant. The middle row provides magnified images of the regions outlined by the red solid boxes in the top row. The bottom row displays fractured cross-sections of grains captured via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Orange dashed boxes highlight aleurone layer cells, while red dashed boxes indicate prismatic cells, orange solid boxes indicate TCSE. Scale bar = 100 μm. H Quantification of AL cell number from WT, taltl1-d1 mutant, and taltp1-a1 mutant. Student’s t test was used to determine the significant difference. I Quantification of AL cell area is from WT, taltl1-d1 mutant, and taltp1-a1 mutant. Student’s t test was used to determine the significant difference. *, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01. J Quantification of prismatic cells length from WT, taltl1-d1 mutant, and taltp1-a1 mutant. Student’s t‐test was used to determine the significant difference. *, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01. K Quantification of prismatic cells width from WT, taltl1-d1 mutant, and taltp1-a1 mutant. Student’s t test was used to determine the significant difference. *, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01