Fig. 1

A Spatial regions in STOmics Human Brain Dataset. B Library size distribution differs across regions, with the white matter region (pink) having lower library size compared to other regions such as the cortex (dark greens) and the hippocampus (bright green). C UMAP of sctransform adjusted data showing clear separation of spatial regions. D UMAP of SpaNorm adjusted data showing less distinct separation of spatial regions. E SpaNorm workflow: SpaNorm takes the gene expression data and spatial coordinates as inputs. Using genewise negative binomial (NB) model, SpaNorm decomposes spatially-smooth variations into those unrelated to library size (LS), representing the underlying true biology and those related to libray size. The adjusted data is then produced by keeping only the variation unrelated to library size