Fig. 2

HLA alleles showing significant frequency differences between early farmers (EF) and late farmers (LF) or between either Neolithic group and modern Germans (GER). The Y-axis represents allele frequencies calculated separately for each HLA locus (i.e., HLA-A, -B, -C, -DPB1, -DQB1, and -DRB1). Only alleles with statistically significant changes (p ≤ 0.05 and absolute frequency difference ≥ 0.1) are displayed. Significance was assessed using Fisher’s exact test with multiple test correction (*: p ≤ 0.05; **: p ≤ 0.01; ***: p ≤ 0.001)