Fig. 2

Human breast cancer dataset: A H&E-stained image of the tissue section with spot-level manual annotation from pathologists. B Spatial domains detected by iIMPACT, SpaGCN, BayesSpace, BASS, stLearn, and MUSE, with the number of clusters to be five. C Estimates (posterior means and credible intervals) of domain-specific relative abundance of cell types for the seven cell types observed in the AI-reconstructed histology image. D Interactive zones (black asterisk spots) defined by iIMPACT. E Identified interactive zones (black asterisk spots) and other boundary areas of tumor domain and its adjacent domain 3, and boxplots of gene expression richness for spots in the interactive zone and other boundaries. F Gene enrichment analysis between genes detected by iIMPACT, SpaGCN, SpatialDE, and SPARK, and known breast cancer genes from the COSMIC database. G Spatial expression patterns of two example spaDEGs, COX6C and ELF3, that were only detected by iIMPACT