Fig. 3

Biological processes associated with nORF transcriptional regulation. A,B Biological processes that are more (A) (odds ratio > 2, n = 16 terms) or less (B) (odds ratio < 0.5, n = 23 terms) transcriptionally associated with nORFs than cORFs (y-axis ordered by nORF enrichment proportion from highest to lowest, BH adjusted FDR < 0.001 for all terms, Fisher’s exact test, GO term enrichments were detected using gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA), error bars: standard error of the proportion). C nORFs that are highly coexpressed with genes involved in transport are more likely to have predicted transmembrane (TM) domains as determined by TMHMM [79] compared to nORFs that are not (odds ratio = 1.6, Fisher’s exact test p = 1.3e−4; error bars: standard error of the proportion). D nORFs and cORFs that are Sfp1 or Hsf1 targets are more likely to be downregulated when Sfp1 or Hsf1 are deleted compared to ORFs that are not targets (Sfp1: cORFs: p < 2.2e−16; nORFs: p = 2.8e−9; Hsf1: cORFs: p <2.2e−16; nORFs: p = 9.9e−13; Fisher’s exact test, error bars: 95% confidence interval of the odds ratio; dashed line shows odds ratio of 1; RNA abundance data from SRA accession SRP159150 and SRP437124 [80] respectively). E nORFs that are regulated by TFs are more likely to be coexpressed with genes involved in processes related to known functions of that TF. Created with BioRender.com